Brown dog tick

Dermacentor variabilis

Identification

Both males and females have eight legs and are typically brown to reddish-brown silver-gray markings on their scutum (back plate).

Nymph

Male

Female

Engorged Female

Approximate Distribution

The brown dog tick is It’s more commonly found in warmer climates, but it can be found worldwide and is considered the most widespread tick species in the world.¹⁸

Hosts

As the name suggests, dogs are this tick’s preferred host. Larvae, nymphs, and adults prefer to feed on dogs but also feed on other small mammals.¹⁹

Habitat

The brown dog tick is notable because it’s one of the few ticks that can complete its entire life cycle indoors as long as a host (usually a dog) is present. Infestations can develop in residences and dog kennels.¹⁸

Diseases associated with Rhipicephalus sanguineus^{20, 22}

Anaplasmosis is caused by the bacteria Anaplasma phagocytophilum. It primarily affects dogs (infection in cats is rare). Dog with anaplasmosis may never show signs of illness or require treatment. Those that do commonly respond to antibiotics.²³

Clinical Signs

In dogs:²³

● Fever
● Decreased energy
● Decreased appetite
● Dehydration
● Some dogs may show no signs

Diagnosis and testing

To diagnose anaplasmosis, your veterinarian will usually use a blood test to detect antibodies. In some cases, a positive antibody test might indicate previous exposure, rather than an active infection needing treatment.²³

Treatment

The antibiotic doxycycline is commonly used to treat anaplasmosis. Dogs often start to feel better in one or two days after starting antibiotics, but treatment should continue for at least two weeks. If a dog tests positive for the antibody but shows no signs of the disease, antibiotic treatment is not required.²³

References:

23. Anaplasmosis. Cornell Richard P. Riney Canine Health Center. https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments/riney-canine-health-center/canine-health-information/anaplasmosis

Babesiosis is a potentially fatal disease that can affect a wide range of animals, including pets and humans. In pets, it can be caused by the organisms Babesia canis and Babesia gibsoni.²⁴

Clinical Signs

In both dogs and cats:²⁵

● Fever
● Decreased energy
● Weakness
● Loss of appetite
● Jaundice
● Weight loss

Diagnosis and testing

Veterinarians diagnose babesiosis using several methods, including a physical examination, a detailed medical history, and microscopic evaluation of blood. They may also use advanced techniques to test for the genetic material of the Babesia organism or to identify antibodies produced in response to Babesia to help determine the infection’s presence and severity.²⁵

Treatment

The treatment of babesia is often dependent on what species of Babesia is present in your dog. Treatments may include antibiotics (azithromycin or clindamycin) and/or anti-fungal/anti-parasitic medications like atovaquone or Imizol® (imidocarb). Dogs may also get supportive care, such as intravenous fluids.²⁶

References:

24. Blood Parasites of Dogs. Merck Vet Manual. https://www.merckvetmanual.com/dog-owners/blood-disorders-of-dogs/blood-parasites-of-dogs
25. Babesiosis in Animals. Merck Vet Manual. https://www.merckvetmanual.com/circulatory-system/blood-parasites/babesiosis-in-animals
26. Babesiosis in Dogs. VCA Animal Hospitals. https://vcahospitals.com/know-your-pet/babesiosis-in-dogs

Cercopithifilaria is a parasite that causes infection in dogs.³⁰

Clinical Signs

The main clinical sign of Cercopithifilaria infection in dogs is skin inflammation or skin lesions.³⁰

Diagnosis and testing

Cercopithifilaria infection is diagnosed by taking a biopsy (skin sample) from the dog to confirm the presence of the parasite and to help guide treatment.³⁰

Treatment

Dogs infected with Cercopithifilaria may receive topical treatment with the parasite-control drugs moxidectin and imidacloprid.³⁰

References:

30. Cercopithifilaria spp. of dogs: little known but prevalent filarioids beneath the skin. Biomed Central. https://parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13071-023-06007-5

Ehrlichiosis is a serious disease caused by the Ehrlichia bacteria. It affects both dogs and cats.^{33, 34}

Clinical Signs

In dogs and cats: ^{33, 34}

● Fever
● Swollen lymph nodes
● Loss of appetite
● Depression
● Muscle stiffness
● Coughing

If the disease progresses, long-term signs include bleeding and bruising caused by low levels of platelets in the blood.

Diagnosis and testing

Diagnosing ehrlichiosis involves a combination of observing clinical signs and conducting blood and laboratory tests, which help confirm the presence of the Ehrlichia organism and assess the severity of the infection.^{33, 34}

Treatment

The primary treatment for ehrlichiosis in both dogs and cats typically involves the use of doxycycline, an antibiotic. It can also include supportive care to address symptoms and keep your pet more comfortable.³⁵

References:

33. Ehrlichiosis and Related Infections in Dogs. Merck Vet Manual. https://www.merckvetmanual.com/dog-owners/disorders-affecting-multiple-body-systems-of-dogs/ehrlichiosis-and-related-infections-in-dogs
34. Ehrlichiosis and Related Infections in Cats. Merck Vet Manual. https://www.merckvetmanual.com/cat-owners/disorders-affecting-multiple-body-systems-of-cats/ehrlichiosis-and-related-infections-in-cats
35. Ehrlichiosis, Anaplasmosis, and Related Infections in Animals. Merck Vet Manual. https://www.merckvetmanual.com/generalized-conditions/rickettsial-diseases/ehrlichiosis,-anaplasmosis,-and-related-infections-in-animals

Hepatozoonosis is a disease caused by Hepatozoon parasites. It affects both cats and dogs, with varying severity. In cats, the disease can range from asymptomatic (showing no signs) to potentially life-threatening. In dogs, it can be severe to fatal if not properly managed.^{36, 37}

Clinical Signs

In dogs:³⁶

● Fever
● Weight loss
● Poor body condition
● Muscle atrophy
● Pain
● Weakness
● Eye discharge

Cats rarely show any clinical signs of infection.³⁷

Diagnosis and testing

For dogs, diagnosis usually involves an evaluation of the dog’s clinical signs and medical history as well as x-rays and blood, tissue and other types of laboratory testing. In cats, diagnosis is challenging because cats rarely show signs of the disease, but the disease can be diagnosed by identifying the parasite within blood samples or by other laboratory tests.^36,37

Treatment

Hepatozoonosis in dogs is generally considered a lifelong infection. Treatment usually involves medication, supportive care, and the use of tick control products. No known treatment completely clears animals of the organisms.³⁷

In cats, the condition may be difficult to treat, but several drugs have used successfully.³⁷

References:

36. Old World Hepatozoonosis and American Canine Hepatozoonosis. Merck Vet Manual. https://www.merckvetmanual.com/circulatory-system/blood-parasites/old-world-hepatozoonosis-and-american-canine-hepatozoonosis
37. Blood Parasites of Cats. Merck Vet Manual. https://www.merckvetmanual.com/cat-owners/blood-disorders-of-cats/blood-parasites-of-cats

Spotted fever group Rickettsiosisis a group of diseases caused by various species of the Rickettsia bacteria. They can affect both cats and dogs, though cats generally show no symptoms and may have been infected by contact with fleas, not ticks.^{38, 39}

Clinical Signs

In dogs:³⁸

● Fever
● Loss of appetite
● Swollen lymph nodes
● Painful joints
● Coughing
● Vomiting
● Diarrhea
● Swelling of face or extremities

Diagnosis and testing

To diagnose a dog, your veterinarian will likely use a combination of observing the signs and conducting blood and laboratory testing.³⁸

Treatment

Treatment typically involves the use of the antibiotic doxycycline. In addition to medication, your pet may receive supportive care and careful monitoring to help manage symptoms and ensure well-being.³⁸